Sentencing Disparities And Race On Criminal Sentencing

Introduction Sentencing disparities as a result of an individual’s race or ethnic background, has been one of the most frequently investigated topics in criminological research. (Mitchell, Mackenzie 2004). Several studies have attempted to understand the impact of the offenders’ race on criminal sentencing but there has been variation in the results- some of studies concluded race does effect sentencing regardless of the legal variables; some studies revealed it does not; while other studies concluded that race does impact sentencing when coupled with other factors. (Pratt 1998). Research has revealed that sentencing disparities by race are a result of the type of criminal offense as the variable to the impact on sentencing decisions. The implications of sentencing disparities by race suggests that minority individuals are targeted more frequently in the criminal justice system. Accordingly, there is a clear need to explore all possible variables that may create sentencing disparities for minorities. The current study will fill some of the void of former research by exploring sentencing disparities among a large sample of gang members and non-gang members who were sentenced to prison for serious crimes in the state of California. Specifically, the study is interested in examining whether gang members become targeted by law enforcement personnel because of their gang related activities, or because of their race. The focus of this study is necessary because consist racialShow MoreRelatedSentencing Of Sentencing And Sentencing Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesIntr oduction Sentencing bias occurs in most of the court cases in the United States of America. Sentencing bias can include races such as Hispanic/Latino, Asian Americans, White Americans, and Native Americans. This brings us to talk about sentencing disparities? In which a court case trial is not treated the same or it is treated differently than other cases. However, who faces the most disparities in sentencing? Could it be African American’s who face’s the most trends and Asian American’s theRead MoreRacial Disparity in Sentencing1728 Words   |  7 PagesRacial Disparity in Sentencing Lori Raynor University of Phoenix Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice CJA/423 Ron McGee September 06, 2010 Abstract In this paper I will illustrate racial disparity in sentencing in the criminal justice system. The causes of racial disparity and the reasons it is on the rise, the research statistics, and the proposed solutions are discussed. Racial Disparity in Sentencing The intersection of racial dynamics with the criminal justice systemRead MoreThe Bias And Discretion Of The Sentencing Process1415 Words   |  6 Pagesbiases exist within our court system when it comes down to sentencing. So, are we saying the judges are racist? This learner hopes not, but she cannot help but wonder if they are just based on the number of African American that is housed in our jails/prisons. There just seems to be an overwhelming amount of us incarcerated verses Caucasians. It is also amazing that some of the sentencing time that judges past down for the same type of criminal act (e.g., burglary, auto theft, etc.) seems to be worstRead MoreShould We Be Mandatory Sentence Reduction?870 Words   |  4 Pagesblind eye to race discrimination in the criminal justice system (Alexander, 2011). To this point, research on mass incarceration takes issue with the fact the Court has closed the courthouse doors to claims of racial bias at all stages of the criminal just ice process from the levels of justice ranging from stops and searches to plea bargaining and sentencing. One case, in particular, stands out as drawing the line on expectations of the court to actively address racial bias in sentencing and convictionRead MoreThe Sentencing Reform Act Of 19841526 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sentencing Reform Act is associated with the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984, were the U.S. federal statute increased the consistency in the United States federal sentencing. The Sentencing Reform Act created the United States Sentencing Commission. This act allowed the independent commission into the judicial branch of the United States Sentencing Commission. It consists of seven voting members and one nonvoting member. For the sake of the United States Sentencing Commission, thereRead MoreInfluential Factors on a Juveniles Life1510 Words   |  6 Pages(Freidman, 2012). Recent data from the Civil Rights Project show that school segregation is very high for Latino and Black students and that this segregation is almost always what Gary Orfield called â€Å"double segregation,† that is, segregation by both race/ethnicity and poverty. In the 2009–2010 school year, 74 percent of Black and 80 percent of Hispanic students attended schools where 50 to 100 percent of the students were minori ¬ties. In addition, 38 and 43 percent of Black and Hispanic students, respectivelyRead MoreCriminal Sentencing Essay1114 Words   |  5 PagesDiscretion by definition is the authorization of deciding as one thinks fit, absolutely or within limits (Ntanda, 1999). Indeterminate sentencing, traditionally, has afforded judges considerable discretion over the resolve of criminal sentencing. â€Å"While such discretion theoretically allows judges to tailor sentences to the circumstances of individual crimes and criminals, thereby achieving a sort of ex pos t fairness, it also permits variation in sentences that may not be warranted by the observable factsRead MoreRacial Inequality919 Words   |  4 Pagesopportunities and treatment of people based solely on their race. Racial inequality is a serious issue that is often discussed in the American criminal justice system. Although racial discrimination is present in the criminal justice system, some people use the words inequality, discrimination, racism, and profiling loosely and do not understand how truly complex it is to prove that there actually is racial inequality present in the criminal justice system. Daniel P Mears, Joshua C. Cochran, and AndreaRead MoreRacial and Ethnic Disparity and Criminal Justice3054 Words   |  12 PagesRacial and Ethnic Disparity and Criminal Justice: How much is too much? In this article, Robert, April, and Jorge (2010) acknowledges previous research reports on this topic and reveals that race, and racial patterns have found their way in involvement of crime. However, Robert, April, and Jorge (2010) argue that there is no significant proof that there are meaningful racial disparities in the legal systems. Although some literatures provide research on the existence of racial profiling by policeRead MoreThe Goals of Sentencing in the Criminal Justice System1747 Words   |  7 PagesThe Goals of Sentencing in the Criminal Justice System By: Brian Ouellette Criminal Justice CCJ 1020 Mr. Leonardo Cadogan Abstract In the United States there is no standard when it comes to punishment and sentencing. This area of the  criminal justice system is in a constant state of change. Sentencing practices and goals are always being closely examined. From getting tough on crime to more rehabilitative approaches, the views and goals of sentencing are always being

Women and the Patriarchal Society in Michael Cunninghams...

Women Pressured by the Demands of a Patriarchal Society in Michael Cunninghams The Hours In Michael Cunninghams The Hours, Laura Brown, one of the novels protagonists, is trapped by the responsibility of being a housewife and mother. Cunninghams story uses one of Virginia Woolfs works, Mrs. Dalloway, as a template to weave the lives of three women together in a narrative delicately split into three branching tales that echo each other. One branch of the story leads to a fictional account of Virginia Woolf creating the first draft of her famous novel. A second narrative in Cunninghams tale is that of Clarissa Vaughn - a woman whose life mirrors that of Woolfs fictional character Mrs. Dalloway. The final woman in the trio of†¦show more content†¦. . for which she is not adequately rehearsed (43). Sullerot explains this with: The underlying reason being that the position of women has always or nearly always been defined in terms of their role. Women have always been given a specific role, mainly in the family, and their social role has evolved from it (Sullerot 13) . Laura is stifled in this traditional role; she seeks a sense of independence and privacy. Cunningham borrows these ideas of independence and privacy from another piece of Woolfs work, A Room of Ones Own. In Woolfs essay she stresses the need for a woman to have money and a room of her own. The money stands for the power to contemplate, and this power is the independence gained from the womans financial status (Woolf 110). Woolf also states, That a lock on the door means the power to think for oneself (Woolf 110). The room is a place of privacy that keeps out the world of man. While the context of Woolfs statements was meant to apply to women who wished to be writers, it also is applicable to the life of Laura Brown. Laura believes that she has a touch of brilliance that she carries around inside herself curled up like a tiny clenched fist (42). The protagonist finds herself wondering if she could ever create something great by unclenching the fist inside herself. Sullerot writes that women can be prompted by the tediousness

Healthy Eating Habits Free Essays

As a lifelong fitness enthusiast, I know the great importance of proper nutrition. Still being able to maintain a 30 inch waistline in my middle age, I think that I should have enough proven credibility to give you a few tips on how to build healthy eating habits and make them stick. Physical activity is only 50% of the overall health equation. We will write a custom essay sample on Healthy Eating Habits or any similar topic only for you Order Now The other 50% is nutrition. And without healthy eating habits, one will not be able to achieve good health and fitness. So it does depend on what you eat, and in this modern age of convenience and rushed daytime schedules, it’s easy to eat unhealthy. So here are some areas to consider that will help keep you on the right health track. Educate Yourself On Food And Healthy Eating Habits In order to eat healthy, you have to understand which foods are actually healthy and which ones are not. Learn from reading nutrition books and websites. Maybe even consult a dietician to get you started. Quite often, convenient foods are laced with too much salt, sugar and other ingredients, which are not considered healthy. These ingredients can often be hidden, so it is important as part of your education to learn to read food labels while at the grocer. Learn what ingredients to avoid, as major components are usually listed first in the food labels. Also verify and compare fat contents since many food items — which are promoted as ‘low fat’ or ‘low calorie’ — might very well still be quite high in fat. Being educated on what is contained within various types of food will help you weed out much of the unhealthy food you otherwise might end up eating. Learn To Substitute Foods And Ingredients In the old days, healthy eating meant a diet of bland-tasting food. I still remember that veggie burger that tasted like cardboard. Those days are thankfully gone as food technology has improved significantly. Many of the lower fat versions of food items (like cheese and frozen yogurt) taste just as good as their standard â€Å"full-fat† versions. One can also still cook great tasting food at home by simply substituting some of the ingredients. For example, use olive oil instead of butter for frying. Reduce salt by adding spices instead. Choose leaner cuts of meat and trim off visible fat before cooking. Something that I’ve done over the years is to drastically cut down on red meats at home and increase my intake of fish and poultry. By learning some great recipes with fish and poultry, I really don’t miss red meat all that much. One of the big areas to substitute is in snacking. Instead of candy bars or potato chips (or other junk food), try nuts or fruit. During the hot summers, I keep a supply of frozen grapes and if I feel the urge to nibble on something, I just grab one or two frozen grapes. Not only are these healthy, they are also refreshing during hot temperatures. Keep Related Goals In Mind In order to help you stick to healthy eating habits once you plan them, I find that it helps to keep related goals in mind. For example, each time I look in the mirror I make a point of looking at the condition of my abs. I want to maintain a half decent physical shape so what I see in the mirror is a constant reminder that I have to keep eating well. When I see other people around my age group or even younger than me who are out of shape, I always observe that they are not eating healthy. They usually eat foods that are high in fat. Keeping observant with this helps me even more to keep away from bad eating habits since I don’t want to end up like those poor folks who have let themselves go in that department. Another goal that is more specific is that I want to be able to perform well on the ski slope during the winter and maintain my martial arts all year round. I can generally tie in my overall performance levels in these sports back to my diet as one of the elements required. See if there are any related activities that you want to do well that you can somehow relate back to nutrition. Then keeping this top of mind will help you steer clear of bad foods. After all, you don’t want to blame poor performance in your favorite activities partly on bad diet. Be Around Others Who Eat Healthy This last point is related to having others help you in your goals. Sometimes it’s hard to eat right when all of your friends, family members and co-workers eat unhealthy. So make sure that you spend time with other people who already eat well. This will help inspire you to eat healthy as well. You’re basically using teamwork to help you achieve the goal of eating healthy. There’s really no magic in how to build healthy eating habits and make them stick. Good health is long term and the only way to achieve it is through all the little successes that add up when you have another healthy meal and finish another workout. Follow the above tips — as I do each and every day — during your meals and snack periods to ensure optimum health. How to cite Healthy Eating Habits, Papers

Auto Fishing Network Design Concerns for Fisheries- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAuto Fishing Network Design Concerns for Fisheries. Answer: Answering the Case scenario network design questions. Discuss in your groups the following questions relating to the assignment scenario: Specify which public or private IP address blocks will be assigned to different modules of your network. The specific type of IP address bloc that will be used in our top-down design network for the auto fishing group would be the fourth version internet protocol (IPV4).We choose IPv4 because its protocol is connectionless and is the best effort based. Design a plan for integrating the different routeing protocols into the network design. A sample network plan which I would use to integrate the different protocols of routeing is as outline below.' Building one would be the protocol of auto-fishing site centre Building two would be marine and fisheries training centre Protocol Building4- Unmanned Aerial Vehicles protocols C) What are the most important assets of your design that must be protected with security mechanisms? The most vital asset that requires protection is the data centre room this is because it would contain databases of most customers, employees and clients What are the largest security risks that your network would face? The main security risk that might arise from this designed network could be the presence of hackers who might undermine the network device security like the router, switch, IDS and the server (Gaine s, 2010). Should Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) be enabled on the Cisco routers and switches? Yes, the Cisco Discovery protocol should be enabled on the switches and routers of Cisco to improve the connectivity and inventory information on fishing practises. Discuss the following questions relating to the assignment in your group: List the devices and programs required for your campus network design. Some of the devices and programs that would be needed for my network design at the campus include: the top-down network core layer which ensures optimal transportation in various sites and also a routeing system of high performance (Rassweiler, 2012). This would cost about a hundred dollars. the top-down network distribution layer which assist in providing connectivity that is policy based between core and access layers (Rassweiler, 2012). This would cost about seventy dollars. Discuss the following questions relating to the assignment in your group: Select the routers required for your enterprise network design and make a list. Some of the entreprise routers which are applicable to this case scenario include: 1800 1900 Series Integrated Services Router-477 dollars 7200 Series Router-507 dollars ASR 1000 Series Router 873 dollars 7600 Series Router-800 dollars J-Series Services Routers- 1000 dollars Discuss the following questions relating to the assignment in your group: Investigate the possibility of using wireless solutions as much as possible in your design. There would need to make use of the wireless solutions where there are laxity and scarce use of the available ethernets during the designing of this auto-fishing network project (Rassweiler, 2012). What are the new security concerns in your design? One major security concern is in the fact that unauthorised person may retrieve or access a companys vital information where there is the use of radio signals as a wireless means of networking (Gaines, 2010). Another concern is the fact that wireless solution is very vulnerable to the denial of service attacks which slow the performance of most WLAN (Rassweiler, 2012). Discuss the following questions relating to the assignment in your group: Write a test plan for your designed network. 1.Product analysis 2.Test strategy 3.Coming up with the testing criteria 4.Stating the network design objectives 5.Planning of resource 6.Determining the deliverables of the test. Discuss the following questions relating to the assignment in your group: Write the project goal for your network design project. The goal of this network project is to ensure that the operations of these designs are reliable, secure and up to speed as per the demands of the customers. Write the project scope for your network design project. This network design is initiated to serve the departments of auto fishing that are located in Darwin. Its establishment will be a merit to both the fishermen ant the intermediary group, not to forget the customers at large (Rassweiler, 2012). Reference List Gaines, S.D., White, C., Carr, M.H. and Palumbi, S.R., 2010. Designing marine reserve networks for both conservation and fisheries management. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(43), pp.18286-18293. Rassweiler, A., Costello, C. and Siegel, D.A., 2012. Marine protected areas and the value of spatially optimised fishery management. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(29), pp.11884-11889.